Existing types of marriage relations in the Russian Federation: standard and alternative forms of family

Marriage has always been considered the most important social value, ensuring mutual moral responsibility for raising children and the legal basis for the relationship between a man and a woman. Nowadays in reality there are different types of marriage in the world, which depends on what meaning the spouses attach to the concept of family.

Civil

The most popular type, which legally received its name “Civil”, is also called official, secular or legal. This marriage union of the bride and groom is registered in the registry office; it is the only one recognized by Russian legislation, regulated by the Family Code of the Russian Federation, and therefore protected from the point of view of jurisprudence.

Each of the legal spouses has equal rights and certain responsibilities in the family, which are enshrined in law. The law also regulates property relations between husband and wife.

After the official marriage, the newlyweds become each other's primary heirs.

Many call it a civil union of lovers who live together, but without stamps in their passports. If we consider this issue from the side of jurisprudence, then this is a misconception and such a marriage is called another type - factual, which we will talk about below.

By the way, in the 19th century they registered exclusively in the church - performing a spiritual rite before God, but the marriage of those who did not do this was called civil.

Social functions of the family

​​Marriage is a legally formalized relationship between spouses that regulates their rights and functions in family life. In addition, marriage is represented by a social institution that sets the rules of behavior in intrafamily relationships.

Actual

In principle, this view is very similar to the previous one. Boy and girl in love also:

• live in the same territory;
• have common views and goals;
• live together;
• make purchases;
• call each other husband and wife;
• They can even raise children together.

But their relationship is not officially registered in the registry office, which means in the eyes of the law they are not spouses. Sometimes such unions are also called cohabitation.

De facto marriages are gaining popularity among the younger generation. Modern people do not consider it necessary to put stamps in passports for a number of reasons. For example, many are afraid of responsibility, are unsure of their partner, or simply want to test their feelings. And some people don’t even see the point in a wedding without children.

It is worth knowing that a man and woman in the unofficial status of husband and wife are not legally protected in any way. After all, according to the law, they not only have no responsibilities, but also no rights. This applies to both property and inheritance.

It is possible to receive inherited capital in the event of the death of one of the “spouses” only if there is a will.

Procedure for obtaining a residence permit

Taking into account all of the above, in order to obtain a residence permit through marriage to a citizen of the Russian Federation, foreigners and stateless persons must adhere to a clear algorithm. The procedure for candidates involves going through a number of stages, which include:

1. Legal crossing of the state border of the Russian Federation. In this case, you will need to apply for a visa or obtain a migration card in case of visa-free entry. In the future, the candidate will need to register for migration within a week with the territorial divisions of the migration authorities at the place of residence.
2. Marriage with a Russian citizen. Marriage registration is carried out after a month from the date of filing a joint application with the registry office.
3. Obtaining a temporary residence permit. Issued in the manner prescribed by the Administrative Regulations, approved by Order of the Federal Migration Service dated April 22, 2013 No. 215, for a period of three years. Thanks to marriage to a Russian, it is issued without taking into account quotas. After continuous residence in the Russian Federation for one year, the temporary residence permit gives the right to apply for a residence permit.
4. Obtaining a residence permit. After one year has passed after receiving a temporary residence permit, a foreigner can apply for a residence permit. According to Art. 8 Federal Law No. 115 dated July 25, 2002, this must be done six months before the expiration of the right to temporary residence.

It is advisable to dwell on some features of this procedure in more detail.

Procedure for contacting migration authorities

At the moment, the functions of migration authorities are performed by the Main Directorate for Migration Issues of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (GUVM) and its local territorial divisions. Thus, both to register at the place of residence and to obtain a temporary residence permit and residence permit, a foreign citizen must contact the territorial unit of the Main Directorate for Migration and Migration at the place of actual residence in the territory of the Russian Federation. The specific address of divisions in the regions, as well as the territorial offices of these divisions, can be found at.

The application is formalized in the form of an application for a residence permit, submitted in the form approved by Appendix No. 3 to the Administrative Regulations, approved by Order of the Federal Migration Service of April 22, 2013 No. 215. The application must be submitted in two copies in person to the territorial authority: according to, registration Residence permit through the State Services portal has been suspended for technical reasons.

Required documents

To find out what documents are needed to obtain a residence permit, you must refer to clause 21 of the above Administrative Regulations. According to it, in addition to the application, the candidate will need:

• four photos in 3.5 cm by 4.5 cm format, two of which are placed on the application;
• identification document of a foreigner;
• documentary evidence of sources of income (at least the monthly subsistence minimum) or disability;
• documentary evidence of the availability of residential premises (provided by those who have lived three years or more in the Russian Federation);
• medical certificate and certificate of absence of dangerous infectious diseases and HIV;
• document on proficiency in the Russian language, knowledge of history and the fundamentals of legislation of the Russian Federation.

The list of documents for a residence permit for marriage in 2022 is submitted along with the application no later than six months before the expiration of the temporary residence permit. Lack of necessary documents is grounds for refusal to issue a residence permit.

Registration period

According to clause 18 of the above Administrative Regulations, the total period for consideration of the application and registration of a residence permit is six months from the moment the migration authorities receive the application. However, in some cases, the legislator provides for a reduction in these periods. Thus, shortened deadlines are provided for:

• participants of the state program for the resettlement of compatriots and native speakers of the Russian language - a residence permit is issued within 2 months;
• highly qualified specialists invited to work in Russia - within 3 months;
• citizens of Belarus receiving a residence permit without obtaining a temporary residence permit – within 3 months;
• citizens recognized as political refugees, as well as foreigners whose Russian citizenship was terminated - within 15 days.

Church

As mentioned above, in ancient times only church marriages were recognized; they were considered the only official ones. This spiritual ceremony is performed by a clergyman in a temple or cathedral.

In the modern world, getting married is not at all necessary. After all, according to the Russian Constitution, the Church is separated from the state, which means that this marriage has no legal force and is not protected in any way.

If a couple still wants to get married, then there are certain rules and first you will need to obtain a certificate of registration from the registry office. But there are exceptions, and many priests agree to perform the ceremony without a stamp in the passport. After all, for believers, the most important union is the one made in heaven.

What types of marriages are there with church participation?

The Orthodox Church, like the Catholic Church, performs a wedding ceremony, after which the union is considered approved by higher powers. But such unions are often legally illegal. In a number of countries, church marriages are automatically equal to registered ones and have legal force.

Thus, in the Republic of Belarus, unions concluded in the church are recognized as having legal force, but only during the following time periods:

• before 1920;
• during the war years - from 1941 to 1945

A number of countries around the world, including England, Poland, Australia, some US states, etc., recognize as equal marriage unions, sealed both by a signature in the registration authority and by a ceremony in the church.

In order for the church procedure to proceed smoothly, it is necessary to provide a certificate stating that there are no circumstances that do not allow the creation of an official church marriage.

But there are also some states where only the union concluded in the church is legally recognized - these are Andorra, Liechtenstein, Iran, Iraq, Mauritania, as well as part of the provinces of Canada and certain states of the USA. This condition applies exclusively to citizens professing certain types of faith.

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Non-classical types of family relationships

The classic form of marriage between a man and a woman, regardless of whether it is civil or de facto, is correct and generally accepted in family organization. But there are also non-traditional alternative types, most of which can be classified as prohibited unions, since many of them are legally and morally impossible to officially register. Their peculiarity is the atypical and non-standard behavior of people. These include:

1. Guest or it can also be called visiting. These relations are legal, because they are formalized in the registry office. But after the wedding the couple does not live together. Spouses meet only occasionally, spend time together, go on dates and even fly on vacation, but do not maintain a common household. The most important advantage of these unions is that lovers do not argue over everyday problems, and due to rare meetings they do not lose passion for each other. The downside of a guest marriage is the not entirely correct upbringing of children. After all, the child will mainly live with one of the parents. This type of marriage can often be found when one of the lovers is forced to constantly go on long business trips or tours. It also happens that people need to live in different cities or even countries.
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2. Same-sex, the most ambiguous type, is a marriage between two men or two women. As everyone knows, in the Russian Federation such unions are strictly prohibited; moreover, they cause censure and condemnation from others. But in 18 states people of the same sex have been registered for a long time. Among them: Norway, Canada, Brazil, Denmark, France, Mexico, Argentina, Japan, USA.

3. Polygyny or polygyny is most common among Muslims, for example, in Syria, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Algeria. There the guy officially gets married to several girls. On the territory of our country, the law prohibits polygyny; it can be found only in some corners where Islam is practiced. Most often, Russian men marry one woman, and live in a de facto marriage with several more representatives of the fair sex; roughly speaking, they have mistresses.

4. A fictitious marriage or a marriage of convenience is legal, because it is registered by mutual consent of both parties in the registry office, but with a selfish goal, for example, obtaining citizenship. In such relationships, spouses do not even think about creating a real family. Very often the unions in question meet with foreigners. In Russia this is not criminally punishable, but if it is proven, it can be annulled.

5. Another alternative type is an open or free marriage, which, in turn, can be civil or de facto, that is, official or without stamps in passports. Spouses live together under one roof, lead a common life, and the peculiarity is that each of them has other connections on the side. This position may be explained by a lack of new sensations, or people simply do not know how to be faithful to their chosen one.

6. Virgin or, in the Western style, “Childfree” - a legal or actual relationship, without the presence of children. We are not talking here about couples who are postponing childbearing due to their young age, lack of financial resources, or for medical reasons. These are lovers who deliberately do not want to have a child. If we look at statistics, then with age, many spouses still change their opinion on this issue.

7. Another rather unclassical type that few will understand is group marriages or, in other words, the “Swedish family”. Of course, relationships consisting of several men and women are prohibited from being registered on the territory of the Russian Federation. But, interestingly, the Swedish family has been practiced by people since primitive times.

8. Morganatic - consists of two people of unequal status and position in society. They were concluded in ancient times in royal dynasties, but these days they are not very relevant.

9. The concubinative type of marital ties is the relationship of a married man with another lady, with whom he has a child. The offspring born in such a union is officially recognized by the father and is financially provided by him.

10. Polyandry or polyandry. As you might guess, it’s the same polygamy, only in reverse. In this case, a woman has several official husbands. They are not registered in Russia, but they are common in India, Nepal and Tibet.

11. And the last type is called trial. Everything is simple here, young people live together, and when they come to a joint decision to have a child, they officially get married.

Varieties of the 5 ruble coin 1998 SPMD

Among the coins of the St. Petersburg Mint, four official varieties of the 5 ruble coin of 1998, listed in catalogs, have been discovered today. Below we will look at the varieties described in the catalog of Yuri Kulvelis

Please note that they may be called differently in other directories.

The first three types of coins are: 2.1, 2.2. and 2.3. They differ from each other only in the leaf and dot of the floral ornament on the coins. The picture below will help you find these elements on the coin. For stamp 2.1 the leaf does not touch the edge, but for stamps 2.2 and 2.3 it does. The point of the plant of variety 2.1 is large, that of 2.2 is medium, and that of variety 2.3 is small. All three varieties are not rare and are not valuable if we are talking about a typical circulating coin with minor abrasions. If the SPMD coin is in good condition and has retained its stamp shine, it can fetch from a couple of hundred to a thousand rubles at auctions.

The fourth variety of five-ruble notes from the St. Petersburg Mint is stamp 2.4. This is an extremely rare coin (rarity less than 0.01%), for which you can get several thousand rubles at auctions. Moreover, some coins went for 3 thousand, others for 16 thousand rubles. This variety differs significantly from previous versions in several elements, which are noted in the figure below. Let's look at them in order.

The above elements in this variety are as follows: the leaf is shortened and does not touch the edge, and the point is of a special shape. The next difference is associated with two curved sheets of floral ornament: one is located at the bottom of the coin under the word “rubles”, and the second on the right next to the edging. Only variety 2.4 has a well-defined wavy pattern on these leaves, while varieties 2.1-2.3 have smoothed patterns. The bottom leaf has one more feature: the curl of variety 2.4 is slightly different in shape and location from other variants. If you carefully compare the coins, you can find other differences.

Coin 5 rubles 1998. Variety 2.4

Documents for submitting an application to the registry office

• two passports – for men and women;
• paid state duty, which currently amounts to 350 rubles;
• statement from both parties.

For more information about what is needed to submit documents to the registry office, as well as how to submit an application online, read the links.

As a result, we can say that the family is the main unit of human society. There are quite a few different types, and only the people themselves decide which marriage they prefer. If we talk about the majority, Russian residents still prefer the legal civil option, considering its most important advantage - the proper upbringing of children in such official marriage bonds.

Definition of the concept

Partnership is a type of relationship that implies complete equality between spouses.
The most traditional family options are patriarchy and matriarchy. If in the first case the leading role is played by a man, then in the second - a woman. Partnership relationships are designed for joint decision-making and organization of shared life. Many people who adhere to traditional models of family relationships argue that partnerships are based solely on banal calculations. Such an opinion is one-sided and not viable, since statistics say that the marriage of the partner option is often the strongest and happiest.

The scheme of partnership interaction between spouses is as follows:

• Agreement on the format of the relationship. Before getting married, it is recommended to organize some form of “round table” and discuss with each other the format of future relationships. The conversation should take place in a calm atmosphere and without the interference of relatives and strangers. If both future spouses plan to be equal partners in marriage, then their decision must be mutual and sincere.
• Distribution of duties. To avoid mutual claims and future discontent, it is better to discuss in advance who will be responsible for what exactly in the family. If future spouses agree on each other’s responsibilities, they will be able to protect themselves from many conflict situations.
• Discussion of spouses' rights. How many times have you heard a friend complain that her husband ran off on another fishing trip or spent another Saturday evening with friends in the pub? Often, it is the claims of spouses to each other regarding their rights and freedoms that become the cause of major scandals. It is better to immediately discuss this point at the beginning of married life, so as not to experience a gnawing sense of resentment in the future.
• Finding a way to resolve conflict situations. No matter how the spouses try to protect their relationship from quarrels and insults, it will still not be possible to completely eliminate their likelihood. That is why it is worth agreeing in advance that all controversial issues will be discussed not in a fit of anger, but at a family council.

Important Partnership relationships are an ideal type of interaction for accomplished and self-sufficient individuals who cannot tolerate self-control.

Tunchi

Acceptance of homosexuality in the Middle Kingdom remains extremely low. Because of this, most gay men are forced to solve their problem by marrying heterosexual women.

According to a reputable Chinese sexologist, 90% of homosexuals in the country resort to this method. Marriage between a gay man and a straight woman is called “tunchi”. The worst thing is that before marriage, women generally do not even suspect their partner’s orientation. But after they start living together, an unpleasant surprise awaits them.

Devadasi

Photo: Arian Zwegers/flickr.com
In the south of India, it used to be that girls were married to some deity from the pantheon of Indian gods or even to a temple. The word "devadasi" literally means "servant of God." Girls received education, learned to dance and sing in order to glorify the deity. A similar situation was with the militant women of Dahomey, who were believed to be married to their ruler, we wrote about them here .

You can read about other types of marriage in India in our article .

Sororate

Photo: islam.ru
Such unconventional marriages for us are concluded between a widower and the sister of the deceased wife. Consortial marriages are practiced in some communities in India and North America. It happens that sororate is permitted in cases where it turns out that the wife cannot become pregnant. But what’s interesting is that children born from the second wife are considered children of the first.

Polyandry

Photo: litnet.com
Many people have heard about polygamy, when a man can have several wives. Did you know that some isolated communities in Tibet still practice polyandry today? Ethnographers see the reason for the emergence of polyandry in the shortage of land in the mountainous areas. The indigenous inhabitants of these places came up with the idea of ​​taking brothers one wife between them, so as not to divide the parental inheritance.